A child is considered to have urinary tract infection(UTI) when the urine of the child grows bacteria during a microbiological test and the amount is significantly high (more than one lakh per ml). During childhood 5% of girls and 2% of boys get UTI. In the new-born period more boys get UTI than girls. Among the girls half can get a second UTI within a year.

http://www.medindia.net/patients/paediatrics/urinary_infection.htm

avascular necrosis(3)

Conventional X-ray film of right hip shows irregularity of femoral head with increased density and flattening of the articular surface consistent with an avascular necrosis of the femoral head with concomitant joint space narrowing and degenerative changes.

http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v31/n6/fig_tab/1703886f2.html

avascular necrosis(2)

Lateral View:
- because AP views of the hip may be difficult to interpret, it is necessary to
evaluate frog-leg lateral x-rays of the femoral head;
- cross-table lateral x-ray is not satisfactory because architectural details
of the femoral head are obscured by the soft tissues that overlie this area;
- lateral radiographs also allow staging purposes since it is often anterior segment
of the femoral head that first collapses or exhibits the crescent sign;

AP View:
- usually demonstrate the principal area of involvement;
- because anterior and posterior acetabular margins overlap the superior portion
of femoral head, subtle evidence of osteosclerotic or cystic changes in
subchondral regions may be missed;

http://www.google.com.eg/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wheelessonline.com/image7/avnn1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/avascular_necrosis_of_femoral_head&usg=__Zy8D6l0UR75GIgG6jE5zfSl7W4Y=&h=467&w=604&sz=15&hl=ar&start=6&sig2=tEN6aWnvoqYeI1SgYSIKWw&zoom=1&itbs=1&tbnid=-e1pB8RHuvfvWM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Davascular%2Bnecrosis%26hl%3Dar%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:1&ei=mM2RTK_sMMGEswao0vyFCQ

avascular necrosis(1)

Avascular necrosis of the capitate

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

Avascular necrosis of the femur

ischaemic necrosis, osteonecrosis and aseptic necrosis are synonyms for the same disease process.
Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a disease process that is characterised pathologically by bone marrow ischaemia and eventual death of trabecular bone. Radiological manifestations of AVN occur in the late stages of the disease as the bone attempts to repair itself. As bone repair occurs, weight bearing bone becomes mechanically weakened and flattened and may eventually collapse. This leads to debilitating pain and osteoarthritis.

Causes of Avascular Necrosis:AVN has several causes. Loss of blood supply to the bone can be caused by an injury - post-traumatic avascular necrosis, or by certain risk factors - non-traumatic avascular necrosis e.g. steroids, excessive alcohol use or Caisson disease (found in deep sea divers and tunnel workers dus to poor decompression giving rise to bubbles of nitrogen in the blood which block capillaries causing necrosis).

http://www.xray2.20m.com/custom2.html

Diagram 1. The testicle of a ram (right hand side when viewed from behind).

Epididymis

The epididymis absorbs testicular fluid and concentrates the spermatozoa into a tightly packed mass enabling large quantities of sperm to be stored in the smallest possible space. Healthy, well-fed and sexually rested rams may hold up to 100,000 million sperm, of which about 75 per cent will be stored in the tail of the epididymis.

Palpation of the tail of the epididymis is often a useful guide to the level of sperm reserves in individual rams. A large, firm (but not hard and diseased) tail is an indication of good reserves whereas a small, soft tail would indicate the opposite.

http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/sheep/8536.html